Understanding And Treatment Of Psychological Disorders

The definition, understanding and treatment of psychological disorders have changed over time. In the dark ages or mid-evil times, people who behaved abnormally were quickly labelled as being mad or being possessed by spirits. The individuals were often held in isolation with their treatments being very cruel and harsh. In the eighteenth century, a French physician named Philippe Pinel challenged the cruel treatment methods and promoted a gentler and more humane approach. According to the American Psychiatric Association, a psychological disorder is a â€Å"syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation or behavior.† (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Some people use the term psychological disorder in the same context as a mental illness or disorder. It is a behavior that leads to distress in an individual and prevents him or her from living a normal life to the point that they cannot perform daily chores. Certain behaviors have normal acceptable characteristics and if the behavior falls outside of this acceptable range, it can be considered a disorder. The behavior can be painful as well as harmful to the individual. One thing to note is that the behavior should not be something that is caused by a sudden stressful experience such as grief due to the death of a loved one. (Myers, 506) A psychologist can use The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to help determine the criteria forShow MoreRelatedPsychological And Psychological Treatment Of Psychological Disorders1709 Words   |  7 Pagesefficacy of psychological (non-pharmacological) interventions for psychological disorder? Discuss with reference to difficulties in measuring the effects of psychological treatment. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the different theoretical approaches in the treatment of psychological disorder with the help of psychological treatments. Furthermore I will be discussing the difficulties faced in measuring the effects of psychological treatment. Psychotherapy is the term used for psychological treatmentsRead MoreAbnormal Psychology Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesand explanation of two mental disorders and two mental illnesses all taken from the psychology perspective. As the reader will see, normal and abnormal psychology as well as the mental disorders and illnesses are common issues that could happen to any person or affect any family at any time. In addition to learning about the disorders and illnesses the reader will also learn about possible therapies for treating these mental disorders and illnesses. Mental disorders and mental illnesses objectivelyRead MoreEating Disorders Essay698 Words   |  3 Pagesstressors and pressures, the cycle is begun an d an eating disorder is formed. Effects The altered eating and exercise patterns of those with eating disorders can seriously damage physical and emotional health. The ANAB (n.d.) contends activities associated with eating disorders place one in medical danger. Strenuous over-exercising is often seen in those with eating disorders even though they may be quite ill. The body of an eating disorder sufferer frequently has electrolyte imbalances and gastrointestinalRead MoreAnxiety Disorder : Symptoms And Symptoms1063 Words   |  5 Pagesand cause some discomfort. Now if the anxiety starts to become prolonged and causes the person to become incapacitate, that is when it becomes pathological anxiety. One of the serious disorders that come from anxiety is called Panic Disorder (Anxiety disorders in Adults). The most common demonstration of panic disorder is a sudden feeling of fear or discomfort without a recognizable trigger, along with at least four of the following symptoms: dyspnea; dizziness or faintness; palpitations ; tremblingRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa: Nursing Interventions1326 Words   |  5 Pageshigher mortality rate than any other psychological illness. Its primary clinical feature is extreme emaciation as a result of the patients refusal to maintain a healthy body weight. Weight loss may be achieved through caloric restriction or a combination of caloric restriction and purging behaviors (vomiting, laxatives, and exercise) (Understanding eating disorders, 2013, Australia Psychological Society). Besides self-starvation, other physical signs of the disorder include intolerance of the cold,Read MoreEssay on Hypochondriasis as A Mental Disorder1184 Words   |  5 PagesHypochondriasis as A Mental Disorder Headache = Tumor. Cough = Tuberculosis. Mole = Skin Cancer. Such is the thought process of a hypochodriac. As defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV (DSM-IV), hypochondriasis is an unrealistic interpretation of ones bodily sensations as abnormal, leading to the fear and belief that one has a serious disease (1). This preoccupation with having a serious medical condition is one of the somatoform disorders and may be considered more as a symptomRead MorePsychological And Neurobiological Models Of Anxiety958 Words   |  4 Pagesgap between psychological and neurobiological models of anxiety. The study of neuroscience, which is in its relative infancy, has also led to many changes in our understanding of psychological diagnosis and disorders. This new field, however, has also resulted in many unanswered questions. These questions are numerous and varying and include researchers’ attempts to identify the specific mechanisms through which disorders occur, genes t hat may predispose individuals to certain disorders, new methodsRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder ( Aspd )1432 Words   |  6 PagesAntisocial Personality Disorder Among the vast things studied in the field of psychology lies psychological disorders. These psychological disorders can simply be defined as psychological functions that can be unhealthy and even harmful to a person (Gerrig, 2005). And because this disorders can cause damage to a person it is important to understand them, both to aid a person in this situation or get the correct help if the victim is oneself. There is a vast number of psychological disorders, however thisRead MoreEssay about Anxiety Disorder1441 Words   |  6 PagesAmong many psychological disorders, anxiety disorders are the most predominant in the United States. According to Antony (2011), anxiety disorders affect nearly 28.8 percent of the population. An extreme and unrealistic anxiety is the most common symptom that characterizes all the psychological conditions within the category of anxiety disorders. The category includes specific phobia, agoraphobia, social phobia, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress di sorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsiveRead MoreMental And Emotional Functioning And Healthy Personality977 Words   |  4 Pagesdimension of the PDM, the M Axis, describes mental and emotional functioning, including â€Å"the capacities that contribute to the individual’s personality and level of psychological health or pathology† (PDM 8). In the PDM’s third axis (S Axis) is characteristic subjective experiences that are commonly associated with certain psychological disorders . It begins with the DSM-IV-TR categories and continues with descriptions of â€Å"affective states, cognitive processes, somatic experiences, and relational patterns

Consumer Behavior on Black Friday Free Essays

string(107) " feel a sense of empowerment, or the thrill of winning, which will only intensify their moods for the day\." Running Head: Black Friday Consumer Behavior on Black Friday Abstract The purpose of this research is to examine consumer behavior on Black Friday. Black Friday is typically the busiest shopping day of the year, and it is all driven by the chance for consumers to save the most amount of money possible while getting their holiday shopping done. Research was done online, and also through personal experiences. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Behavior on Black Friday or any similar topic only for you Order Now By understanding what retailers and consumers hope to accomplish on this day can have a positive impact on everyone. Consumers are able to get what they want with the least amount of turmoil, and retailers are able to turn a profit. This research can be most helpful to merchants, as it will help them to understand what a consumer wants, and what they expect the unofficial holiday to be like. A complication with this research is that each consumer is different and may have different expectations in mind. Concentrating on making Black Friday as organized as possible will only benefit all parties involved. Introduction Black Friday refers to the day after Thanksgiving, which is the unofficial start of the holiday shopping season. Black Friday is a day when stores dramatically discount products with the intention of luring in the highest number of shoppers possible. The term Black Friday received its name because that is a day when, hopefully, businesses balance sheets go from red, a loss, to black, a profit (Staff, 2010). It can be a day of chaos, as seen in 2008 when a Walmart employee was trampled to death by a mob of customers (Gould, Trapasso, Schapiro, 2008). But many that day focus on saving money, and are willing to wait in lines for days for a deal. Impulsive Consumption Some of the purchases made on Black Friday may be impulsive. The textbook states that impulsive consumption is usually spontaneous and involves some feelings of liberation; is associated with a lessened sense of costs or consequences; and is motivated by a need for immediate self-fulfillment (Babin Harris, 2011). Consumers who go to a store for only a couple of items may find themselves enticed by other items that are on sale. The average person spent $365. 34 during Black Friday weekend 2010, for a total of approximately $45 billion total spent nationally (Chang, 2010). Unplanned purchases may be made because although a consumer went to a store for one sale, they may not have known all the other items that are discounted that day, and may make other purchases. Because many Black Friday shoppers are actually holiday shopping for other people, it is easy to look for a gift for one person, but find those perfect gifts for the other four people on your list, all in the name of getting a good deal. Social Environment Social environment is defined in the text as â€Å"the other customers and employees in a service or shopping environment (Babin Harris, 2011). Normally, people may be put off by crowding at stores. However, it is the norm on Black Friday. Although it is still unfavorable, it is something that people are willing to adapt to for the day. It may give a sense of urgency, which will put a consumer into the mindset of action. The text also refers to shopping buddies. Many people who wait in line for hours or even days on Black Friday do not do so alone. There are usually small groups of people, which may help to make consumers feel more comfortable. Consumers are taking more time to find buddies to shop with, and they are making an effort to have a plan in mind for what stores they will visit, and what they will purchase. For people who wait in lines for extended periods, they usually create some type of habitat to pass the time. Consumers bring tents, chairs and heaters to make themselves more comfortable. Some even bring electrical items such as lighting, computers or small televisions to keep them company while waiting for the savings to begin. The people in line usually form temporary relationships with the people that are around them. Sharing stories or deals that they are interested in is a far cry from the massive chaos shown on television news stories. Attitudes People may get caught up in the excitement of the day, and that can help them to spend even more money. While waiting in line, customers at the front of the line seem to be excited and happy. However, at the end of the line, customers appear to be more frustrated and anxious. Some consumers plan their Black Friday shopping trips weeks in advance. There are many websites available for people to view Black Friday advertisements online, before they are supposed to be released to the public. Walmart has tried year after year for the advertisements not to be leaked, but they usually end up on these websites before they are supposed to (4 Years Strong: Walmart Sends Another Cease Desist, 2011). Stores may not want to have their advertisements released early for a couple of reasons. First, consumers having the ability to research products and having too much time to explore all of their options may mean that consumers will not make as many spontaneous purchases on Black Friday. They also do not want to have their competition see their deals, and then have them beat their prices. Having the advertisements earlier though means consumers are able to plan what stores they want to go to, which may lead to less chaos on the actual day. People are motivated by saving money on Black Friday. Some consumers may even see it as a competition. For some, because there is only a limited selection available for many of the items that are drastically reduced, just acquiring that item may be all the motivation someone needs to be at the front of the line on Black Friday. A consumer may feel a sense of empowerment, or the thrill of winning, which will only intensify their moods for the day. You read "Consumer Behavior on Black Friday" in category "Papers" A consumer may be more likely to make a purchase of something out of the ordinary because of the price on Black Friday. The perceived risk is lower because the consumer balances the risk with the monetary discount that is offered, and can write it off easier. Normally, consumers may think thoroughly about an electronics purchase. However, electronics are usually a major seller on Black Friday. Because the discount is thought to be so significant, and the consumer thinks there are only a limited number available, they do not have time to think the purchase through like the normally would, and they make the purchase. What people are buying Each year, electronics are the one of the most widely sought after products on Black Friday. In 2009, the introduction of Zhu-Zhu Pets was the top search on Google referring to Black Friday sales (Wong, 2009). Surprisingly, rugs and jewelry were also top searches in 2009. In 2010, the iPad and other tablets were the top searches in electronics (Andrew, 2010). They were ollowed by laptops and HDTV’s. Handheld gadgets are expected to be a top seller for 2011. E-readers, tablets, music players and smart phones all seem to be popular searches for the upcoming holiday (Black Friday 2011 Predictions, 2011). Televisions and accessories are normally highly discounted on Black Friday, and 2011 should be no different. There may be more sales on 3D televisions, blu-ray players, and bundles of the televisions with the accessories. Cyber Monday Some consumers do not want to brave the chaos of Black Friday, and have moved to online shopping, while still looking for the dramatic discounts. Online purchases have grown steadily over the past few years, and in 2005, the term â€Å"Cyber Monday† was created (â€Å"Cyber Monday† Quickly Becoming One of the Biggest Online Shopping Days of the Year, 2005). In 2010, Black Friday sales grew 9% from the year before, but Cyber Monday sales grew 16% (U. S. Online Holiday Shopping Season Reaches Record $32. 6 Billion for November-December Period, Up 12 Percent vs. Year Ago, 01). Cyber Monday 2010 was the first billion-dollar spending day in history, and the first time that sales on Monday were higher than Friday. Many people have a four-day weekend for Thanksgiving, and are back to work on Monday. A large number of consumers are able to place orders right from a work computer, or even their smart phones. Smart phones are also making it easier for consumers to do research on sales, and to do the shopping itself. Online Black Friday sales increased 11% from 2008-2009 (Wong, 2009). Retailer Organization Most consumers on Black Friday have the same goal; to save money. If the stores are able to have some form of organization on Black Friday, it should help to keep the customers organized also. Chaos is more likely to happen when the store is not prepared for the massive number of shoppers. If the store makes adjustments to the way they normally operate, they are more likely to have an easier time handling the crowds. Passing out tickets to the customers in line for big ticket items is becoming the norm for many stores (Palmer, 2010). By doing so, customers are able to be sure they are going to receive the item they came to purchase, and it is easier to explain when they are sold out of a particular item. Also, some stores are able to rearrange their stores and put the items that are on sale in a particular area, so customers will not have to search all around the store, adding to the chaos. Many stores are choosing to open very early, with some retailers, such as Toys R Us even opening on Thanksgiving night at 10 P. M (Toys†R†Us Stores Nationwide to Open at 10pm on Thanksgiving Night to Welcome Black Friday Shoppers Earlier Than Ever Before with 200 Doorbusters and More Than $11,000 in Savings on Hot Toys, 2010). As this was only introduced in 2010, it remains unknown whether other stores will follow the idea. Having enough employees at check-out and for assisting customers is also essential. Retailers may want to also hire some form of security for the day, to prevent mobs of people causing chaos. No matter how prepared a shopper may be on Black Friday, if the store is unorganized or does not have a sensible system in place, chaos may ensue because of the consumers confusion or frustrations. Customers also look for even further discounts on Black Friday by using coupons. Retailers may want to include in their advertisements and stores about their coupon acceptance policy on Black Friday. If a customer waits in line for hours, then goes in the store to get an item, then waits in line for another hour to check-out, only to find that their coupon will not be accepted, that consumer may get very irritated and that will cause further problems. Conclusion Black Friday is a day that retailers hope to make the most amount of profit. But for consumers, they hope to save as much money as possible. Many consumers make impulsive shopping decisions on Black Friday. The social environment may lead to this behavior, as many shoppers are with friends or family, and make a display out of their shopping practices on that day. The attitudes of people can vary greatly on that day also. Most people are excited, but that can turn to frustration if it does not go as planned. Purchasing trends can vary each year, depending on what the newest items are. Electronics and the newest toys are usually very popular items. Cyber Monday is also changing the way people shop, and helping them to save even more money from the comfort of their home, from work, or even on their smart phone. A retailer being organized on Black Friday is imperative, as it can affect consumer behavior and how much money they spend. References 4 Years Strong: Walmart Sends Another Cease Desist. (2011, 10 14). Retrieved 10 22, 2011, from http://bfads. net/ Andrew. (2010, 11 15). Holiday Shopping Trends and. Retrieved 10 23, 2011, from http://www. retrevo. com/content/node/1570 Babin, B. J. , Harris, E. G. (2011). CB2. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Black Friday 2011 Predictions. (2011, 10 11). Retrieved 10 23, 2011, from http://www. blackfriday2011. om/news/2011/10/11/black-friday-2011-predictions/ Chang, A. (2010, 11 28). Big Black Friday weekend results: 212 million shoppers, $45 billion spent. Retrieved 10 21, 2011, from http://latimesblogs. latimes. com/money_co/2010/11/big-black-friday-weekend-results-212-million-shoppers-and-45-billion-spent. html â€Å"Cyber Monday† Quickly Becoming One of the Biggest Online Shopping Days of the Year. (2005, 11 21). Retrieved 23 2 011, 10, from http://www. shop. org/c/journal_articles/view_article_content? groupId=1articleId=623version=1. 0 Gould, J. , Trapasso, C. Schapiro, R. (2008, 11 28). Worker dies at Long Island Wal-Mart after being trampled in Black Friday stampede. Retrieved 10 21, 2011, from http://articles. nydailynews. com/2008-11-28/local/17910475_1_wal-mart-worker-long-island-wal-mart-jdimytai-damour Palmer, K. (2010, 11 23). Black Friday Guide to the Best Deals and Steals. Retrieved 10 23, 2011, from http://money. usnews. com/money/personal-finance/articles/2010/11/23/black-friday-guide-to-the-best-deals-and-steals Staff, L. L. (2010, 11 24). Business News Daily. Retrieved 10 21, 2011, from http://www. businessnewsdaily. om/how-did-black-friday-and-cyber-monday-get-their-names–0754/ Toys†R†Us Stores Nationwide to Open at 10pm on Thanksgiving Night to Welcome Black Friday Shoppers Earlier Than Ever Before with 200 Doorbusters and More Than $11,000 in Savings on Hot Toys. (201 0, 11 16). Retrieved 10 23, 2011, from http://www. prnewswire. com/news-releases/toysrus-stores-nationwide-to-open-at-10pm-on-thanksgiving-night-to-welcome-black-friday-shoppers-earlier-than-ever-before-with-200-doorbusters-and-more-than-11000-in-savings-on-hot-toys-108565064. html U. S. Online Holiday Shopping Season Reaches Record $32. 6 Billion for How to cite Consumer Behavior on Black Friday, Papers

Personality and Self Concept in Consumer Behavior

Question: Discuss about the Personality and Self Concept in Consumer Behavior. Answer: Introduction Individuals could express themselves in a number of ways. One such method is through the selection and the consumption of the goods, which could symbolize their personalities. This has led to what is regarded as the symbolic consumption, which is becoming nowadays the focus to the consumer behavior research (Huang, Hu and Zhang, 2013). The organization especially in the beauty care industry are aiming in understanding as well as catering to the consumer personalities. This case study focus on such a company called Lush, which has been successful in targeting their products as well as communication through use of personality. Why do you think Lush has been able to be successful in catering to consumers' personalities? Lush company has been committed in employing individual instead of the machines, they have been using the best ingredients, which are available and keep the products that are environmentally as well as socially friendly to the consumers. To cater for the personalities of the consumer the company first has been able to maintain the same personal, small business feel with the emphasis of listening and understanding the needs of the consumers (Kumar, Manrai and Manrai, 2017). The lush products have been perceived to smell good as well as look colourful. The consumers have associated their ideal self-image of looking more beautiful through the usage of the lush products. Nonetheless, their successful campaigns as well as the policies have been focussed more to the actual self therefore they should always aim at introducing something, which caters for more ideal self-image. Further, Lush Company has been able to cater on the personalities of the consumer through getting them involved in t heir campaigns. The consumers are always environmentally and socially conscious and they believe they have the ability to become involved in the campaign especially the animal testing or environmental harm. Lush has helped the consumers to get involved to such campaign, which leads to charge and to the news of orchestrating the controversies of the anti-animal testing campaign (Morhart, Malr, Guevremont, Girardin and Grohmann, 2015). Lastly, through catering on to the personality traits of the consumers, the brand have been able to develop on the personality of the consumers. This has often been linked to the traits, which are exhibited by the consumers in order to ensure that the consumers could relate to the brand. Lush brand personality illustration in the statement Yes, the lush brand has been illustrated to the statement. The statement reflects that Lush believes that their products are of high value, and they believe that the customer is always right. This clearly reflect some form of trustworthy and kind of a personality of the brand. Moreover, the statement also tells the consumer that the company is a business minded brand, although it is not like the other traditional companies since their beliefs are different. As a marketing professional, I would recommend the company to do the following if it want to grow in the cosmetic and toiletries industry. The beauty industry evolution is still going on and will continue to introduce innovations into our life, over the coming years. Lush company with their products they have changed the modern industry and individuals on the way they look, through influencing on their attitudes towards the use of the cosmetic and personal products. Lush company should use the brand slogan, which comes naturally t o the play. Brand is the emotion, which is behind one products (Schiffman, O'Cass, Paladino and Carlson, 2013). They have tried on their part but I think they could do more, to encourage the consumers to be part of the company. Having a memorable personality is essentially the key to making the brand to stick to the mind of the consumers (Janiszewski, Labroo and Rucker, 2016). The brand entails the look as well as the feel of the business, the moral standing as well as the physical appearance. Additionally, in a competitive cosmetic industry any company should aim at product positioning. Lush company has tried to position their product to every segment such as there are products for kids, mums, or even the old. Taking a marketing directive further through zeroing the core demographic as well as marketing would be an additional element to the company (Schiffman, O'Cass, Paladino and Carlson, 2013). The company should go further and identify who is buying each product of their cosmeti c line, which will be helpful to open the door to the highly effective segmented advertising. It is significant to think about the big picture projects that are going to have the large effects for the company, such as supply of the ingredients as well as materials. The company should focus on their impact what the customer want most (Janiszewski, Labroo and Rucker, 2016). Moreover, they should also introduce more of the simple environmental practices in the business each day in order to encourage environmental as well as social conscious to the consumers. Conclusion The brand personality traits, which are presented in the statement of the company, have personality, which matches to the self-image of the customer. The brand personality has been found to infuse on the products, as well as the communication of the company. The customer relates to the personality of the brand to an extent it brings differentiation of the company from the others. The company over the years aimed in offering of the personal services in order to create on their own brand, which the customer could associate with through the products they offer. References Huang, L., Hu, C. and Zhang, X., 2013. Consumer experience analysis: A case study of Apple Inc. from consumers' perspective in experience marketing. Janiszewski, C., Labroo, A.A. and Rucker, D.D., 2016. A tutorial in consumer research: Knowledge creation and knowledge appreciation in deductive-conceptual consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 43(2), pp.200-209. Kumar, B., Manrai, A.K. and Manrai, L.A., 2017. Purchasing behaviour for environmentally sustainable products: A conceptual framework and empirical study. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 34, pp.1-9. Morhart, F., Malr, L., Guevremont, A., Girardin, F. and Grohmann, B., 2015. Brand authenticity: An integrative framework and measurement scale. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 25(2), pp.200-218. Schiffman, L., O'Cass, A., Paladino, A. and Carlson, J., 2013. Consumer behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU.

Nathan Bradshaw Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers

Nathan Bradshaw First Year Experience Journal 4 The core values are lived out and practiced because it will help you to maintain a honest personality. Excellence, this is lived out when you do well in school and also in the future. Maintaining a healthy job to reach a standard of living. Getting good grades which leads you to a great job. Community, being one with your community will help you to maintain healthy relationships within school and also later on in life. This promotes a good social stature of living. Being social with everyone to have connections in the future and getting involved in activities such as sports. Respect, respect yourself and most importantly, other because this will help you to construct yourself into a better person and being able to utilize this in the future. Respect is earned throughout also when it is given. Personal development, this is building and bettering yourself throughout the years and this is beneficial because it will turn you into someone you would like to be. Finding yourself while you a re at school and build from there. Responsible stewardship, this is very helpful because it helps you to be able to be more responsible which will benefit you throughout your life. It is a natural practice that will prepare you for the real world. Getting a job on campus and taking on that responsibility is a good start. Integrity, having strong moral principles will help you further yourself in life and make you feel more free about yourself. If you are unable to do a quiz, be honest rather than trying to find a way to cheat through it which will not benefit you down the line.

Aboriginal Dreaming Is Aboriginal Spirituality essays

Aboriginal Dreaming Is Aboriginal Spirituality essays For approximately 65 Thousand years, the Australian Aborigines have been and had a culture, giving them the longest cultural background in the history of the world. This culture was and is the centre of the Aboriginal religion, spirit, soul and life, The Dreaming. The Dreaming can be and is defined as the past, the present and the future of the Aboriginal people of Australia as it relates to the story of Creation, the lives of the present Aboriginal generation and the prospective generations of Aboriginal people. The story of Creation of the whole earth, the shape of the land. Every creek, cliff and crevice have invisible vibrations that make apparent the history of every area, place and land, these unseen vibrations leave behind a residue or remnant, jiva or guniwari, that is forever in the earth and land, this is what the Aborigines call The Dreaming, the sacredness of the entire earth and Aboriginal people. Aboriginal spirituality takes shape in many forms. The Dreaming, the original and still present Aboriginal spirituality and religion, consists of stories and tales of creation and important figures of Aboriginal history. Dreaming is not only experienced and believed in by individuals but also as a community based spirit, it was given it's reverence and power by the Ancestors that performed the rituals that accompany it, such as songs, stories and symbols. The main religious rituals are concerned with the renewal and conservation of life, embracing the life force that humans are involved with that we are bonded with through body, soul and spirit, giving us inspiration. The land has a major connection with the Aboriginal people and The Dreaming is reflected through it specially. The land is not just what we live off, it's not just it's components for cultivation, it is the entire environment. It is the land on which we live, the water we consume, the sun, moon and stars, the life around us and the air we breathe, they are ...

Causes and implications of child marriage in slums in Karachi Pakistan

Causes and implications of child marriage in slums in Karachi Pakistan This chapter includes basic background knowledge of research explaining the key elements of information which is the foundation for the study. The inclusion of reasons for conducting this research are discussed and a methodology write up as an introductory part of study is included and also incorporates a brief summary of limitations that came across in this research and a list of definitions for key word also included. Marriage refers as a â€Å"Mithaq† means a solemn covenant between a wife and a husband and this agreement would be in writing. In Islam and the Quran marriage is a contract. Since an agreement can only be reach in between two parties if they give free consent and such statement make clear that such a contract cannot be relate to children. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares that both these individuals must take this decision with a consent at legitimate age. Marriage is a pleasurable bond, a promise to live, matrimony of love and respect in between two souls. The aim of living a satisfying life gets ruined and however the way life thought to live doesn’t exist now and this all becomes reality when a child both a girl and boy forcibly subjected to do early marriage as UNICEF defined early marriage as Child Marriage if a marriage is practicing before the age of 18. UNICEF define early marriage that occur before the age of 18 years or Early marriages are defined as marriages under the age of eighteen. In a condition that an individual to be able to make own self think includes abstract thought process, take decisions and to let live life by taking responsibilities, individual should require to have certain level of mental and spiritual maturity which is physiologically equal to period which will continues till the age of eighteen. Marriage is encountered as a moment of celebration or a milestone in individual’s life but early marriages give no such reason for celebration and, a term child marriage is used to define as marriage or union that take place before 18 years of age, endangers the life trajectories of young girls in many ways, United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF) reported that up to 3% of girls before the age of 15 get married in Pakistan and 21% are married before turn to 18. These are the current statistics of the Pakistan Demographics and Health Survey done in 2012-1013. Child Marriage are forced marriage as one or both the partners without giving consent or marry without giving right to refuse.1956 Supplementary Slavery Convention called Child Marriage as Child slavery. Supplementary Slavery Convention recognize the following actions relating to females in context to marriage related to slavery and all have been reported in Child Marriage. The decision taking to promise or giving a female without giving her an authority to say no by her spouse or parents or in consideration with some financial incentives or in case of widow inheritance or associated that female with some values. The Law of child protection (3rd July 2005) said that, a child is a person who didn’t turn eighteen or even if he/she reached stage. UNICEF reported that woman aged 20 to 24 who were married before they were 18 year. A boy and a girl both victimized but girls get affected most as it takes away their emotional, physical and mental wellbeing and limits their childhood a nd decision making ability and mobility.  · Child Marriages is a serious violation of young girls human rights deeply rooted in Pakistani culture, customs and traditional practices.  · In Spite of being illegal by international law, this practice continues and strongly entrenched in sociocultural norms and continue to rob young girl’s childhood. Millions of girls depriving from their basic rights to health, to educate and to empower. Child Marriages denies young girl’s rights to make decisions for their health and wellbeing.  · A framework is needed that would facilitate better to advocates and understand policies and laws that perpetuate Child Marriages.  · In Pakistan Child Marriages incident rates are unknown because of the complexity of this issues and it may often shrouded at provincial level in a wall of silence.  · Child Marriage is a global issue that occur across countries, religions, ethnicities and cultures. Young girls victimized in every region throughout the world.  · If Child Marriages not reduced, around the world, cruel number of women who married as child will increase by 1.2 billion by 2050.In developing countries one in three girls get to married before the age of 18.today more than 700 million women were married as Child. The main objective for doing this research was to explore the immense long existed rationales of Child Marriage practicing in Pakistan. It analyze various religious, social, cultural, traditional, behavioral, economic and political aspects.  · To determine the prevalence and embedded trends of Child Marriage.  · To determine the causes exhibiting Child Marriage.  · To determine and comment on the implication and consequences related to Child Marriages. Very little research has been done on Child marriage prevailing causes and implication in Pakistan. This lack of research creating a knowledge gap that directly affects the work of governmental authorities and policy makers. With this present analysis will enable experts to necessitate to have more understanding of Child Marriage drivers across the globe. In December 2013 World Health Organization arranged meeting of group of experts in alliance with Girls not Bride and UNICEF to identify areas for research and addresses knowledge gap areas. Participants discussed them in relation to following areas  · Inter and intra country dissimilarity in child marriage trends and prevalence: It’s a globalize issue with varying rates within and among different countries. Researchers reported to explore specific segmented analysis in order to address diversity relating to Ethnicity, Geography, socio-economic and educational aspects  · Child Marriage consequences: As it is associated with early pregnancies (births to adolescent’s incidence are around 90% globally in context to child marriage) and child marriage evidence based impact on neonatal, child health and reproductive is expanding. Low level of understanding raising the consequences of domestic violence and mental health issues contributing developmental, gender and social equity outcomes  · Ways to Prevent Child Marriage in Effective Way: In 2011 ICRW done with systematic review of intervention give evidences that how this dilemma should we deal with but limited evaluations found with small number of countries but experts need to have some more attention to rethink how to react to many different drivers of this offensive act and scale more effective program to deal with There is no rigorous data available in Pakistan to make an estimate on number of child marriages as very few cases reported to police and governmental authorities does not menace this actTo identify the gaps associated with Child Marriages incidences and to propose a framework what we should need to do to fill this gap is required.To highlight the contributing factors related to government, society, culture, socioeconomic status and education and propose a framework as an action plan to overcome with it, so that government and regulatory bodies reframe laws and make policies that will help to restru ctured this problem. The research will be done in slums of Karachi, Pakistan. Definitions of key words using in this research are as follows, Poverty: It depends on your access to social services and on income level. In 1995 United Nation World Summit For Social Development define poverty is a state designated by rigorous deprivation of an individual basic human needs such as Health, education, food, shelter, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities. The World Bank describe an individual living on less than with US$ 1.90 per day and defines moderate poverty with less than US$ 3.10 per day. Child Marriages: In 2009 UNICEF define early marriage that occur before the age of 18 years It can be defined as a future action or reasoning evolved with Child Marriages while making any logical judgment that can be the basis for circumstantial evidence. Social Class: Homogenous group of individuals living in a society practicing common social values having similar life interest with enjoying equal position of respect in a society which is being constructed on conceptual structures education, occupation, income and place of residence. Social class can be categorized in Pakistan as Upper Class, Middle Class and Lower Class based on income levels. For income level of Rs 4,000 and less than 25,000were categorized as lower class.For income level of Rs 25,000 to 65,000 less per month were categorized as middle class. For income level of Rs 65,000 to 250,000 per month were categorized as Upper class. Family Honor: The stigma and family distress attached with parents and spouse to premarital sex and child bearing before marriage Social pressure: Define as if a girls left unmarried by the age 15 villagers, neighbors and family naive start making doubt her chastity and health well-being. Haq Mehr: It is defined as the amount of money which the wife is entitled for by her husband in Islam.

Bulling in school Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bulling in school - Research Paper Example Some people, parents and teachers alike, believe bullying is a customary element of social development and in fact helps children in coping with dominating, overbearing types during their lives. However, bullying is a considerable problem and should not be tolerated. The results of bullying can be extremely serious; from depression to suicide in spite of which role was played. Fortunately, because bullying behavior normally occurs on a persistent basis, it can also usually be identified and prevented earlier and easier than more deviant behaviors years later, perhaps with the positive outcome of a reduction in criminality numbers among adults. Research investigating the naturalistic playground behavior of children indicates that those children who have low levels of acceptance among their peers are more inclined to become bullies. Consequently, it becomes imperative that teachers recognize the social construction developing in the classroom to be better able to divert any dangerous a ctivity before it gets out of control. Then, intervention strategies can be employed to help at risk children to learn how to best deal with difficult social situations. Studies conducted within the classroom have identified numerous groups with elevated risk of bullying behavior as either the victim or aggressor, which can aid teachers in determining when and what type of intervention is suitable. Research has indicated certain populations display increased instances of bullying behavior when put in a poverty situation. It indicates the significance of teachers not being too fast to correlate a student as a likely victim or bully based only on their economic status. Most experienced teachers can dependably differentiate between proactive aggression (bullying) and reactive aggression (an intention to protect). Many teachers, especially those in middle and high school tend to assume students will solve

Introduction and organizations as a soci-technical system Essay

Introduction and organizations as a soci-technical system - Essay Example Technology has often to be found as associated with implementation problems, examples of which are found from past and therefore STS has gained its importance in IT arena for quite a time. A number of establishments have summarized the way socio-technical principles can be put into practice (Lamb, Sawyer, & Kling, 2000). From personal experience it can be inferred that socio-technical system encompasses the technical issues that are at the same time associated with behavioral approaches. A linkage between technological elements and social interactions has found to be extremely important and accommodating. Bhatt (2001) indicated that â€Å"†¦knowledge management is best carried out through the optimization of technological and social subsystems†. Scacchi (2005) uses STINs (Socio-technical Interaction Networks) to understand Free and Open Source Software Development (F/OSSD) as discussed by Meyer E.T (2006). The weakness of socio-technical system described by Meyer E.T (2006) is that â€Å"whether a system that embodies both people and technology can be demonstrated not be in

Titanic Essay Example for Free

Titanic Essay In additions, that day night is no moon, it’s harder to see the iceberg. The Titanic have held about 3,000 people, only 20 lifeboats, it wasn’t enough to save all the people on the ship, that’s why so many people deaths. The Titanic didn’t take signal flares, when the Titanic wanted to ask some help, it just let off the fireworks instead of signal flares. Other ships see the fireworks; they didn’t know it was a distress signal. Just one ship Carpathian insisted to come there eventually picked up so many people. Sequences of sinking During April 14, 1912, Titanic’s radio operators received six messages from other ship warming of iceberg, but Titanic was travelling its maximum speed when it sighted the iceberg. At 11:40(ship’s time) the lookouts spotted an iceberg 1/4 mile ahead and alerted the bridge. Unable to turn quickly enough, the starboard side of Titanic struck the iceberg, creating a series of holes below the waterline. The ship was doomed; Titanic began sinking bow-first. The ship broke up as it sank with over a thousand passengers and crew members still aboard. So many people jumped into the cold water, they didn’t bear the cold water and died . It last two hours and forty minutes, and Titanic disappeared in the ocean. Aftermath of sinking It was the largest marine peril at that time. The Titanic had held almost 2200 people. Between 1490 and 1635 passengers were died, only 711 passengers were rescued and survived. It’s so sad for everyone. Carpathian took three days to reach New York leaving the scene of disaster. Nearly the entire New York police force was on hand. Later that day, confirmation came though that Titanic had been lost and most of passengers and crew had died. Advices of accident We don’t want the Titanic disaster happen again. There are so many reasons to lead to the accident. We must remember the advices. Later, we built ship; we must have enough lifeboats in the ship. We must have enough SOS signal flares and telescopes. We must improve our crisis awareness. We are serious to accept any SOS signal flares and warming messages. We can set up the organization which is rescuing the ship fall into troubles.

Kurt Vonnegut Essay -- Essays Papers

Kurt Vonnegut Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. is a contemporary American author whose works have been described by Richard Giannone as "comic masks covering the tragic farce that is our contemporary life" (Draper, 3784). Vonnegut's life has had a number of significant influences on his works. Influences from his personal philosophy, his life and experiences, and his family are evident elements in his works. Among his "comic masks" are three novels: Cat's Cradle, The Sirens of Titan, and God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater. Throughout these novels, elements such as attitude, detail, narrative technique, setting, and theme can be viewed with more understanding when related to certain aspects of his life. These correlations are best examined in terms of each influence. One of the most significant influences from Vonnegut's life on his personal philosophy has been his participation in World War II. During the war, Vonnegut served in the American army in Europe and was captured by German soldiers. As a prisoner of war, he witnessed the Allied bombing of the city of Dresden, in which more than 135,000 people died due to the resulting fires (Draper, 3785). This experience had a profound impact on Vonnegut. From it, he developed his existential personal philosophy and his ideas about the evils of technology. He states, "I am the enemy of all technological progress that threatens mankind" (Nuwer, 39). The influence of Dresden shows up in each of the novels. In Cat's Cradle, one element of his experience at Dresden that Vonnegut portrays is his fear of technology. Initially, the intention of the story is for the narrator to write about what the scientists who invented the atomic bomb were doing the day it was dropped on Hiroshima. To this effect, one of the scientists in the story said, "Science has now known sin," to which another replied, "What is sin?" (Vonnegut, Cradle, 21). The focus on technology quickly changes to a material called ice-nine, which has the ability to freeze water at room temperature. This technological breakthrough, by a scientist who worked on developing the atomic bomb, has the ability to destroy the world by freezing all its water. Even though the people with ice-nine are very careful all through the plot, they lose control of it in the end and the world becomes frozen. With ice-nine, Vonnegut thematically demonstrates how relatively simple technolog... ...84). Bibliography: Draper, James P., editor. "Kurt Vonnegut, Jr." World Literature Criticism: 1500 to the Present. 1992 ed. "Existentialism." Microsoft Bookshelf '94. (CDROM) N.p.: Microsoft Corporation, 1994. "Kurt Vonnegut, Jr." Concise Dictionary of American Literary Biography: Broadening Views, 1968-1988. 1989 ed. Mantell, Harold, producer. Kurt Vonnegut: A Self Portrait. Films for the Humanities, Inc. 1975. Nuwer, Hank. "Kurt Vonnegut Close Up." The Saturday Evening Post. May/June 1986. pp. 3839. Reed, Peter J. Writers for the 70's: Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. U.S.A. Warner Books, Inc. 1972. Streitfeld, David. "Vonnegut, Existentially Speaking." Washington Post (DC) 29 August 1991. Newsbank, People, 1991, fiche 36, grid C13. Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr. Cat's Cradle. New York. Dell Publishing Co., Inc. 1963. "Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr." Discovering Authors. (CDROM) N.p.: Gale Research, Inc., 1993. Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr. God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater. New York. Dell Publishing Co., Inc. 1965. Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr. The Sirens of Titan. New York. Dell Publishing Co., Inc. 1959. Wakeman, John, editor. "Vonnegut, Kurt (Jr.)." World Authors 1950-1970. 1975 ed.

Social Mobilization and Political development

Karl Wolfgang Deutsch is a professor of International Peace in Stanfield. Being a great Social Scientist, he was able to come up with an innovative concept on fundamental issues that discusses aspects of nationalism, political integration and political disintegration that occurs within and among many states which have been found to be applicable. He was able to link the concepts of evidence in theory that which are sought to be most preferably systematic and quantitative.In his concept of social mobilization, he defined it to be a process wherein people become deracinated from their ethnicity and turn out to be obtainable for innovative models of communication and behavior and he renowned quantitative pointers to consider it in most countries of the world.He was bale to show how such a process would become a precedent to uplift the probability of what he termed as political integration among the citizens who had been sharing one language, one tradition, and one basic concept of socia l institution whereas it speed up the factors that causes the disintegration of countries wherein citizens do not have the same characteristics. Thus his research and study in effect became enlightenment to the social influences that paved way to the decomposition of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia and also to the unification of the people of Germany in the history of the modern world.In his study, he was aloe able to establish the specific working conditions for political integration founded on his concept on the â€Å"security communities† which was greatly manifested in the North Atlantic countries. He identifies that the concepts in the political process that occurred in Europe and in the Atlantic as an integration that occurred through a series of conditional hypotheses which he attempted to examine through a quantitative proof having empirical evidences.In the article Deutsch argued that social mobilization is not merely a matter of having a series of changes that occur in a society among people. Rather, it should be understood to be a process that involves historical accounts and is related to economic developments wherein circumstances are clearly identified and are happening in a recurrent manner that are applicable in most countries which are found to be relevant in the field of politics.Therefore, Social Mobilization should be understood to be as a process that occurs to a large quantity of individuals in a society that goes through the process of modernization wherein there is an introduction of the concepts of innovative technology, practices that are non traditional, advanced practices, and changes in their economic life and that which these are deemed applicable and practicable in their lives that such shall be accepted. It should not be misconstrued to be in paralleled with the process of modernization as a whole.Social mobilization brings along with it the consequences where it deals with some periodic clusters history and tradition. Th ese consequences would therefore imply that such a process would definitely sacrifice such recurrent clusters where it would eventually bring conflict of interest socially of political interest in the process.This is the process involved in social mobilization where in there is a process of breaking down and erosion of the major clusters of the old social, economic, psychological commitments of the citizens making them ready for new models and patterns of behavior and socialization through the process of communication.Deutsch pictured such process to be a major step of any society aiming towards full development. He addressed such issues through the test using real situations of states and many countries. He was able to construe the concepts involved in these series of changes which now are made available to many states and countries a s a theoretical basis for social mobilization.Reference:Deutsch, K.W. (1961). Social Mobilization and Political Development. The American Political   Science Review, Vol. 55, No. 3 (Sep., 1961), pp. 493-514

I Don; T Know Essay

Why or why not? All personal and confidential information should be limited to the bare amount of health care professionals. Only to carry out medical treatment (MLAE). 2. In this case, how would you be able to correct your error and provide the missing documents to the patient while still protecting patient confidentiality under HIPAA? You should contact the patient inform them you still have the documents, and ask if they ould like to come to get them (MLAE). 3. Besides a HIPAA Patient Release of Information form, list 4 other items that are found in the medical record. A privacy notice, acknowledgment that the privacy notice was received, a trading partner agreement, and an agreement reached with a healthcare professional business associates (MLAE). 4. Legally, does the patient or the physician/healthcare facility own the medical record? Why? The healthcare facility, but the patient can access them any time as long as the physician feels it will cause no harm to the patient (MLAE) . 5. List 3 ways patient confidentiality is maintained in the reception/waiting area of a medical office. Not discussing patient information in the lobby. Making sure computer screens are out of patients sight. Also making sure patients files are not left open (MLAE). 6. A breach of confidentiality can result in what consequences for a health care professional? This could result in possible termination, or possible civil action being taken (MLAE). 7. From the list of Interpersonal Ethics (found in Chapter 1 of the Fremgen text), please describe how any of those traits were demonstrated in your actions in this case scenario? Respect by looking to make sure you could access his information (MLAE). Unit 8 Project Questions: Part II 1. Would the action taken in this second scenario be within your scope of practice for your chosen field? Why or why not? No only physicians should be giving out prescriptions, and they should have never even looked in the file. They should have just taken a message for the doctor (MLAE). 2. What determines your scope of practice for your chosen career? What you study, and what the office you are working in tells you to do (MLAE). 3. Would Respondeat Superior apply in this case scenario? Why or why not? I would not think so, because this person was not acting within their scope of Employment (MLAE). 4. Would the Good Samaritan Law apply in this case scenario? Why or why not? No because this was not any emergency situation (MLAE). 5. What role does the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) play in regards to prescription medication? The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and ver-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), and veterinary products (MLAE). 6. What role does the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) play in regards to prescription medication and a physician’s ability to prescribe narcotics? Physicians must have a DEA license to write prescriptions, and i t must be for the state they are practicing in (MLAE). References Bonnie F Fremgen, Ph. D. (2009). MEDICAL LAW AND ETHICS. New Jersey : Pearson Education Inc.

The Cask of Amontilado essays

The Cask of Amontilado essays  ¡Ã‚ °The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could; but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge. ¡ So begins The Cask of Amontillado, Poe ¡Ã‚ ¯s horrifying tale of pride and retribution. Told by Monstresor, this story tells of how he lured his friend Fortunato into literally walking into his own grave. From the opening sentence the reader can perceive that Monstresor is proud and vengeful, and would do anything to save face. As the story progresses, Monstresor unravels the chilling tale of how he got his revenge, though vengence had been taken when no real offense had been given. In the midst of a great carnival Monstresor approaches Fortunato, claiming he has purchased a cask of Amontillado. He goes on to say that he doubted the authenticity of the wine, and was on his way to Luchresi ¡Ã‚ ¯s to ask him to taste it.  ¡Ã‚ °[Fortunato] prided himself on his connoisseurship of wine. ¡ This pride eventually leads to his downfall, for he criticized Luchresi ¡Ã‚ ¯s, saying he  ¡Ã‚ °cannot tell Amontillado from Sherry. ¡ Thus Fortunato accompanies Monstresor to the latter ¡Ã‚ ¯s family vault, where the nonexistent Amontillado was being stored. The vault, deep underneath the Monstresor estate, is  ¡Ã‚ °insufferably damp ¡ and  ¡Ã‚ °encrusted with nitre. ¡ The way Poe describes these catacombs further accentuates the morbidness of the situation.  ¡Ã‚ °We passed through a range of low arches, descended, passed on, and descending again, arriving at a deep crypt, in which the foulness of the air caused our flambeaux rather to glow than flame. ¡ The ominous tone of this story is characteristic of the gothic style of writing. Poe uses a good deal of symbolism in this story. For example, the Monstresor family coat of arms is  ¡Ã‚ °a huge human foot d ¡Ã‚ ¯or, in a field azure; the foot crushes a serpent rampant whose ...

How Dretske responds to Chisholm's claim that intentionality cannot be Essay

How Dretske responds to Chisholm's claim that intentionality cannot be naturalized - Essay Example Chisholm argued that intentionality cannot be naturalized because of the numerous influencing factors that surround us. According to Locke Chisholm argued that for every decision we make there must be a factor that influences or alters a person’s needs or will. He further argued that every decision we make is based on the fact that we must take the path to be comfortable. According to Chisholm factors affecting a person’s intent may also be psychological. This also denies the possibility that intentionality can be natural. To naturalize intentionality Chisholm argued that there must be absolutely free will in an action. In his argument need and wants of the people does not allow what individuals do to be natural. For instance, a person’s need for food, shelter and clothing makes ones intention to acquire the commodities an artificial intent. In this scenario, the intent can only be natural if one could survive without food and still have the intent and urge to ac quire the commodity. ... For instance, one can refer it to natural intentionality when a person takes an alternative option when tackling an issue but as artificial intentionality when the individual chooses another option based on threats or any other influencing factor. Chisholm argued that intentionality cannot be naturalized because of the numerous influencing factors that surround us. According to Locke Chisholm argued that for every decision we make there must be a factor that influences or alters a person’s needs or will (87). He further argued that every decision we make is based on the fact that we must take the path to be comfortable. According to Chisholm factors affecting a person’s intent may also be psychological (Locke 102). This also denies the possibility that intentionality can be natural. To naturalize intentionality Chisholm argued that there must be absolutely free will in an action. In his argument need and wants of the people does not allow what individuals do to be natur al. For instance, a person’s need for food, shelter and clothing makes ones intention to acquire the commodities an artificial intent (Locke 92). In this scenario, the intent can only be natural if one could survive without food and still have the intent and urge to acquire the commodity. According to Chisholm intentionality is built on artificial factors that man cannot evade. The only possibility to have naturalized intentionality is whereby an individual s considered free spirit in his environment. Locke defines a free spirit by arguing that a free spirit is a form of an individual who does not require influence from any environmental factor to make their decision (112). According to the author this scenario is practically impossible. From this perspective,

Analysing Australian Social Justice issues Essay

Analysing Australian Social Justice issues - Essay Example For the individual self, he or she is obliged to respect the corresponding right of others. This goes to say that a violation of the right of the other would entitle the violator or offender a punishment. Punishment is a form of regulation. When a criminal commits a crime, he or she is imprisoned. Regulation here is justifiable. Social justice then is achieved by the victim. This is how the rule of law works. It is fair and balanced. Incarceration takes away the liberty of the offender in exchange for the victim’s security. In this sense, the right to liberty is essentially linked with the right to security. A person’s â€Å"physical security is an inseparable part of the deprivation of liberty† (Langley, 1999). Q2) In recent years, the Queensland Police Service launched their One Punch Can Kill campaign. (See attached Case study #1) (a) In addition to young men aged between 15-25 years, who is the program trying to reach, and why? Aside from young men aged betwe en 15-25 years old, the â€Å"One Punch Can Kill† program is trying to reach girls and women. It is desired that the females in Queensland, Australia will help in making the program successful by influencing the young males not to violently react in heated instances as well as to instill in their minds that it is okay to walk away. Facilitators of the program are hopeful for the women to heed this call. Research data actually show that young men are highly influenced by the females surrounding them such as their moms, girlfriends and sisters. (b) What are some of the social effects of alcohol related violence? The â€Å"One Punch Can Kill† program enumerates the social effects of alcohol-related violence. There are six known results of this kind of violence. These are the following: (1) death (2) imprisonment (3) a permanent record of crime commission (4) leads one in not having a passport (5) prohibition to travel overseas and (6) emotional trauma for friends and fami ly of the offender and the victim. Of the six, death is to be rated as the most undesired consequence. Alcohol-related violence destroys the future of young individuals. It affects the way the victim interacts with other people. Q3) Why do crimes such as domestic violence and rape often go unreported? Provide at least four (4) reasons in your answer. According to Bergman and Berman (2009), domestic violence and rape are often unreported due to the following reasons: (1) the victim may think that it is better for the violence to be an isolated case so that it will not be repeated (2) the victim may fear that reporting the act of violence will just trigger his or her attacker to make more violent conducts (3) in case of a battered wife, she may fear that reporting the domestic violence could lead to loss of financial support for her children (4) in case of a raped victim, she may be ashamed of her situation. Q4) Thinking in terms of social and criminal justice, provide four (4) explan ations for the over-representation of Aboriginal people in Australian prisons. In your answer, also provide one example of how the Australian Government is responding to this inequality. Aboriginal people are over-represented in Australian prisons due to the following reasons: (1) the compulsory removal of the Aboriginal children away from their families and the institutionalisation that followed (2) socio-economic disadvantages -- such as unemployment,

Product Design in Cyberspace Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Product Design in Cyberspace - Case Study Example Games are being made on subjects that include but are not limited to sex, rape, murder, robbery, fight, theft, insult and humiliation. This paper discusses whether or not video game designers should make games that are too violent for innocent minds. It has been observed that children who have a habit or liking for playing games spend a major portion of their day playing them. This can fundamentally be attributed to the task oriented nature of the games. A vast majority of games are about striving to achieve a certain goal. Having achieved which, the player is taken to the next level. Unless all the levels are cleared, the player would keep struggling hard. The complex plots require the children to put in their maximum effort. In an attempt to conceive the game strategy and achieve the goal, children tend to memorize the plot of the game and in their subconscious, they tend to approve all that is conveyed to them through the game. This can be estimated from the fact that the abbrevia ted language children use to communicate with one another in the virtual world reflects in the speech they deliver in the real world as well. However, this is only one aspect in which the children are affected that most of us are aware of simply because it is so obvious. There are more harsh realities that many of us do not know because they do not show up as obviously as language does.

Rethinking Court Decisions on Middle-Income Mothers and Its Effects on Research Paper

Rethinking Court Decisions on Middle-Income Mothers and Its Effects on Their Children - Research Paper Example As children grow old, the society gives them jobs classifying them into their respective gender, either male or female (Ruether 647). Over time, people have accepted that the role of the women in the home, apart from giving birth, encompasses taking care of the homestead their children and the husband (Philbrick and Margaret 618). Being responsible for giving birth, automatically, the women assume the role of caregiving and nursing of the baby. They breastfeed, cook for the child, wash and even train them basic things such as talking and walking (Laxmi 95). Traditionally, men hold the responsibility of providing for their families. This role thus keeps men away from their families and their children most of the time. They are mostly busy at work or doing business in order to provide for their families. Currently, the world changes in a dynamic way. Subsequently, there is an increase in the family needs. With the cost living rising constantly, men are obliged to stay away more from th an ever. They thus leave their homes with their wives, who have to be around for the sake of the kids (Laxmi 95). Only recently, thanks to the gender equalization and sensitization campaign in the society, changes occur in these roles. Women now hold bigger roles than before. Proponents of gender equalization argue that women and men should hold equal roles in the society. While this is possible literary, practically, it is impossible. Men still hold the role of paying the hefty bills in the home, such school fees. This burden grows even bigger for the middle-income families, most of who live in urban areas. Coupled with rent and other necessities in towns and cities, the burden grows bigger. Except in some unique cases, men... Rethinking Court Decisions on Middle-Income Mothers and Its Effects on Their Children In a family setting, mothers hold the biggest responsibility, especially in taking care of their homes. This role, naturally assigned to them from the very birth of the child, requires their presence, providing their children with attention at all times. Middle-income women have even a bigger responsibility, contributing to the family financial needs and taking care of their families. With all these responsibilities, women hold a very important role in the family. In court cases, judges and jury pass judgement according to the arguments presented by the advocates. Women involved in any case, whether rightfully or wrongfully convicted attract the suffering to the family. If a woman, holding the responsibility of taking care of the home, while at the same time contributing financially to the running of the home goes behind bars, children suffer and as such, there is the need to rethinking court decisions on middle-income mothers and its effects on their children. There is no point of causing suffering to a bigger group of people in order to punish a single person. This is like creating a bigger problem while struggling to solve a small problem. Reconsidering these judgements means seeking for alternative ways of punishing these women, rather than putting them behind bars. House jail could be an option as well as community service and hard labour. Where unavoidable, visiting the family on regular basis is important.

The Growth Of New Media

The Growth Of New Media News has seen many changes over the years newspaper to radio, radio to TV and now TV to web 2.0, an ever-changing and vast, floor for interactive news, views and content. No one can argue journalism, when practiced well, is of public value in a free and democratic society, it provides, entertainment, information and acts as a whistleblower on inequality and corruption within our countries and states. However, the field of journalism is currently under scrutiny, Hillel Nossek comments: It seems that the great threat facing journalism is de-professionalization, which means that everyone can be a journalist and nobody actually is one. (Nossek, 2009:358) In this essay I will try to weigh up the positive and negative impacts of news recent evolution to the internet. I will focus on the new ethics involved in such things as citizen journalism, the resulting Churnalism that has resulted from the speed and resourcefulness of web 2.0 ; weighing up the positive and negative impacts on journal ists and journalism as a whole. I The first point I would like to raise focuses on the idea of Citizen journalism and a paper written by Dr. Damien Tambini titled, Media Ethics in the New Media Landscape. The paper comments on a current debate revolving around the question: How is the rise of new media and online journalism affecting the traditional journalistic standards of objectivity, accuracy and verification? (Tambini 2010:1). In answer, he focuses around the ethics of so-called citizen journalism, and how this reflects upon the ethics, the rights and the privileges of professional journalists. Citizen journalism is a term used to describe bloggers and tweeters who, using investigative journalism mainly based on online research and second hand sources, break stories and news, using the internet. This is a change from the traditional, professional ethics to mixed media ethics. The stories these citizen journalists produce being from second hand sources are widely disregarded as inaccurate and therefore soil the reputation of the field of journalism, and its ethics. In an interview conducted in Changing Journalism the editor of a regional paper said: It irritates the hell out of me. Its not news. Its people wanting their five minutes of fame and its not accurate because they havent spoken to anybody (interview with Editor of a regional newspaper by Peter Lee-Wright 2008: 33). In response Bloggers argue that new media are developing their own ethical systems based on distributed intelligence and the wisdom of crowds. (Tambini, 2010:1) In a sense this point of view could argue citizen journalism could have a positive impact, as Rebillar and Taboul comment: views of the web 2.0 associate liberty, autonomy and horizontality (Rebillar and Taboul 2010:325) and I think this raises a good point how can you argue against more democracy, accuracy and equality? The Tambini paper also raises questions asking Are the newcomers also sharing the responsibilities? Are they obeying the rules, and sharing the costs of implementing them? (Tambini 2010: 4) He then points out citizen journalists are now getting access to protection of sources, freedom of expression and public interest defences. These were previously considered exclusive Lobby passes for Journalists. Because of the loss of the exclusivity in journalists rights and privileges, it puts into question the whole profession of journalism and what it means to be a journalist and I refer back to the Nossek comment in my intro, that in theory anybody can be a journalist. This would argue a strong case for the de-professionalization of journalists and would infer that changes in social and economical changes to the field are affecting the occupation of professional journalists, but not the ethics of the field itself. Even so, Nick Couldry did a survey in 2010 finds little evidence for what he calls writer-gatherers muscling in on professional space. On the other hand, Tambini expresses this still worries journalists, simply because journalists seem to say the citizen journalists constantly flout the ethical rules in place, in the race to the bottom. The lack of communication with original sources and huge inaccuracies are bound to come about within this tussle for speed, and this would have a negative effect on the ethics of reporting of news online. Journalists also argue that this is in turn putting more pressure on journalists to rush stories and take less care in sourcing stories and policing conflicts of interest, (Tambini, 2010: 1) creating what author Nick Davies describes as Churnalism. II This Churnalism is the concept the second part of my essay will focus on. Churnalism is a word invented by Nick Davies. In his book Flat Earth News. It describes a hugely negative impact of new media, journalistic practices. Davies explains: Journalists are pumping out stories without checking them stories which then circle the planet. And so now, in a way that was not true in the past, mass media are not merely prone to occasional error but constitutionally and constantly vulnerable to being infected with falsehood, distortion and propaganda (Davies, 2009: 51). He explains the introduction of the internet has led to information being sent around the globe at unprecedented levels. Shown in incidents such as The millennium bug where he explains The ethic of honesty has been overwhelmed by the mass production of ignorance. (Davies 2009: 28) The result is a decline in journalistic quality due to the way news rooms have become News factories, pumping out stories not properly sourced, checked and constantly recycled. He describes a young reporter writing in the British Journalism review in 2004 explaining: Of all the impressions I had of the professionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ relying on telephone interviews and the internet for so much written work was not one of them (Davies 2009: 55). Reliance on the internet as a saver of time and money Davies argues is a big contributor to Churnalism. However, evidence has been found of other people within the field, in particular editors, who have taken a more nuanced view to new media: I wade through the rubbish eve ry day, but then I think that some of the most exciting stuff I read is online and through blogs and all of that. So I would want journalists to get excited about it rather than being defensive about it (Interview with a Section editor, national newspaper by Peter Lee-Wright 2008:33). These conflicting views have sparked much debate within news rooms. Even though the question still stands to the effect of new media within the newsroom, Davies extensive research into Churnalism has found its effects to be quite devastating, in regards to wider journalism. As part of his research into Churnalism Davies also investigated news stories running in four of the most prestigious daily newspapers: The Times The Guardian The Independent and The daily Telegraph. He commissioned a group of specialist researchers who, tracked over 2,207 incoming news stories and where possible tracked backwards to find their source material. They found quite astounding results. 60% of these stories came direct from wire copy and/or PR material, with another 12% simply containing elements of the same, 8% source material they were unsure about and only 12% of stories was sourced by the journalists themselves. They also found that a staggering 70% of them passed to print without any corroboration at all (Davies 2009: 52). This is clear proof of Davies Churnalism and the implications of this show an image of news as a pawn of PR scams instead of a voice on behalf of the people and democracy. Clearly, this depicts a rather appalling prospect for journalisms future. Flat Earth News also raises the issue the internet has created a growing demand for immediacy and the negative effects this has had on new media. He refers to Pete Clifton ex-head of the BBCs News interactive who was quoted saying: Our site came on top with a load time of 0.85 secs to beat the likes of ITV and Sky (1.63 secs). (Davies, 2009: 70) Davies goes on to expand on this clash of traditional journalism and the new high speed Churnalism, using the example of the official BBC guide which is given to all staff on News interactive. Which on one hand urges: Your story must be accurate, impartial, balanced and uphold the values of BBC newsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Never publish anything that you do not understand, that is speculation or inadequately sourced and then in complete contradiction: Get the story up as fast as you canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ We encourage a sense of urgency we want to be first (Davies 2009: 70) It then gives a five minute target for breaking news. This is clearly an impossib le task for any journalist. Time constraints have also been made harder by declining staff and lack of ground-up resources, which are rampant throughout the newsrooms. This is due partly to the free cost of internet news and internets ability to put fewer limitations on what a single journalist can do. Contradictions such as this create huge difficulties between the mediums of traditional journalism and new media ethics. III Even So, many can see the positive impacts of new media practices such as fast breaking news. In this part of the essay I will try to explain the positive impacts the web has had on journalism. Firstly, Anna Mainwaring is a producer in the BBC News UGC (User generated content) hub who describes it as a revolution in News gathering. In an interview conducted in Changing Journalism Mainwaring commented: Instead of teams going out to get stories, stories are coming to us, on a story the year before about a number of young males being stabbed in London she says: In the old days, we would have sent a team of hacks to doorstep, knock on doorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Now we sit in the newsroom and the girlfriend has already contacted the BBC message board. Weve got her e-mail. A journalist phones and interviews her and shes on air in minutesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The speed is phenomenal (Anna Mainwaring, interview conducted by Peter Lee-Wright 2009: 34) This is a great example of how the speed and the vast networking capabilities of the internet have increased speed output and accuracy of stories, two very important principles for traditional journalism. Also, there is a theory that even the publics supposedly damaging, inaccurate, publish first-correct later (Tambini 2010) attitude, could have a positive impact revolving around the idea of networked journalism. A new concept Charlie Beckett argues is fundamental to new medias compatibility with modern journalism. He argues that To retain value journalism must engage with the public. It must shift power from the newsroom to the connected online and digital world. It must become networked. (Beckett, 2008) This theory depicts, that the rise of the internet could see a of return of Habermas public sphere, whereby the users can immediately pick up on inaccuracies in stories and report them back and discuss, through active reception and living response (Williams, 1983: 304). This could have a very strong positive outcome for the ethics of journalism, democracy and national and international development. It also takes power away from big international news agencies and who are more recentl y regarded as biased and greedy monopolies of news output. The introduction of internet technology has also increased dissemination, as stories can reach huge audiences across the globe at no extra cost. This is good news for the newspaper companies and journalists alike as Jeff Jarvis argues in his book What Would Google Do?: Google allows people to find stories that, in the old days they wouldnt have seen. (J. Jarvis 2009: 124) this has proved true in the coverage of a number of significant events the so-called Green revolution on the streets of Tehrans streets after the 2009 presidential election and the 2007 monks saffron rebellion in Burma. This is a positive outcome of modern media ethics and is an important development to keep in mind in terms of the future of new media ethics. Increases in other technologies such as camera phones and digital cameras are also increasing user generated content and journalists possibilities for capturing news. The subtlety of camera phones and the decreased size in reporting equipment and a visible crew, with up to twenty large silver boxes of equipment, has given journalists and their producers increased flexibility. A good example is in the Zimbabwe 2008 elections whereby all journalists were banned from reporting within the country. As Robin Elias managing editor of ITN says in N.Fentons New Media, old news: We actually presented an evening new programme from the centre of Harare, during the crackdown, during the election, when we werent allowed in there let alone to broadcast out of it and we broadcast over a garden wall over a BGAN mobile phone, a satellite phone and it sort of dawned on everybodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ that theres virtually nowhere in the world thats inaccessible now (Robin Elias, interview conducted by Peter L ee-Wright, 2010: 72). Other examples include the tidal disaster in Japan in 2011 where the internet was swamped with a multitude of videos of the disaster. The combination of modern technologies such as email, mobile phones, digital cameras and easily accessible editing software coupled with sites like Youtube, Twitter and other blog sites; add to more variety and a much more diverse media landscape, changing the way we now absorb our news. It also reinforces this idea that many networked contributions towards coverage of breaking news is hugely beneficial to new media ethics. In conclusion: In May 2011 the number of internet users worldwide reached over 2billion (internetworldstats.com). The Guardians online readership now exceeds 30million compared to only 300,000 print readers. The undeniable pressures of the web have put journalisms and more importantly journalists position, into very turbulent disrepute. The editors have had to adapt in a time when news is free and news can be taken from other organisations without paying for it. The pressure has, in turn landed on the journalists, expecting them to use newer technologies to churn out more content with less time. The digital revolution has also given ordinary citizens the tools to contribute UGC and interact with journalists and stories. A strong negative impact of the web is that Smaller to medium sized print firms are either dying or have died as a result of the rise of the internet, as adaptation has become increasingly difficult. This is due to advertisement becoming the main source of income for all news outlet s and advertisers at the same time that advertising firms are sweeping onto the next big website to catch its much larger readership. Also other technological advances such as the kindle and Guardian Apps on smart phones are leaving newspapers business models in constant limbo. It seems to me that the future of online journalism is unclear and we can only sit back and put any positive or negative implications into context. The positive implications of the web, if properly channelled, are an exciting prospect in favour of democracy and challenging dominant forces. It does however have seem to have had a rather negative impact on professional journalists themselves, whos roles are now challenged from many, many angles.

Deception in Hamlet :: essays research papers

Deception is a recurring theme in Hamlet. In a tale of murder, love, and politics, deception could have no more fitting place. The lies and pretensions interweave each other, and there is no character left out of this web. All the central characters have their secrets to hide and mistruths to spread, and this is central to the plot and its progression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  King Claudius deceives all those around him with his mourning and celebrating demeanor, and his strange celebration and waking. He seems to grieve for the brother that he slew, and works to console all others that may or may not grieve for his brother’s death, such as his nephew and step-son Hamlet. His pretense is great, and forces Hamlet to investigate the truth of the ghost’s tale, unraveling the mystery of his father’s death and others’ involvement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prince Hamlet has perhaps the most devious series of deceptions in the tragedy. He feints madness, in order to soften up the minds of those he seeks to learn information from, by putting them off their guard. Hamlet also sets in motion a plan to discover his uncle’s guilt in the murder of his father through a play within a play within a play, aptly named â€Å"The Mousetrap.† His clever pretension also leads Polonius astray in his presumption as to the cause of Hamlet’s supposed strange manner and Ophelia to believe that his love for her has gone with his sanity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ophelia is also key in the theme of deception in the play. However, she is more so privy to the intentions of others to deceive than to her own. Her lies are merely a sense of self-preservation in a world dominated by men. She deceives Hamlet on her feelings for him at the behest of her father, Polonius, in his scheme to determine the true cause of Hamlet’s strange behavior. Ophelia in turn is actually herself deceived by Hamlet’s scheme to feint madness. Essentially she is the channeling of Polonius’ plot of political investigation, and as used as she may be by all sides, she is not seriously affected by it towards the end of Act III, other than through the death of her oppressive father.

Chris mccandless and timothy treadwell

That the path you are supposed to travel is set in stone and the choices you're faced with weren't yours to be decided. Is it true? Are we really Just a small part of something that a higher power thinks we're too feeble-minded to understand? No, we make our own choices; we are In charge of our lives and have the ability to change our lives If we want to. And that's exactly what Chris Mishandles and Timothy Treadwell did. They weren't happy with the life they had so they lied, changed their names, and abandoned the lives they had for meeting they wanted.One of the big things that Chris Mishandles and Timothy Treadwell had in common was that they had troubled pasts, lied to the people they met, and changed their name. Although on a larger scale they changed and lied for different reasons, on a smaller scale they did it to get away from life they didn't want so that they could finally live the way they really wanted to. They were both smart, Mishandles went to Memory and Treadwell went to Bradley on a swimming scholarship, only to lose It because of a back Injury.A point in their pasts where they differ is in substance abuse, Treadwell had a terrible drinking problem and referred to his life with the bears as Is â€Å"13 year sobriety plan†, Mishandles never had any problems Like that. Although It may not have seemed Like It, they both had purposes for doing what they did. Treadwell wanted to protect the bears and educate people about them, but he still wanted to be involved with people. Mishandles did it for himself, he wanted to escapes from society and his family who he felt he could no longer trust.Whenever Mishandles felt people were getting too close he left, it was a defense mechanism, he didn't want to be hurt by others like he was by family. Treadwell had only been hurt by alcohol and women that didn't want him, but he still loved to be around people and experiencing life. But whatever the purpose or the outcome, they followed their dreams. Mishan dles wanted to go to Alaska and live off the land and journal, and he did, Treadwell wanted to educate people and tape his Journeys and he did. They both may have died, but It was doing what they loved, and at the end of he day Isn't that what we all want for ourselves?Something that seemed unlikely for both of them, but turned out to be true was that people liked them. Whether they wanted it or not, there was something about them drew people in and made them want to know more and be a part of their lives. But it wasn't that easy, Mishandles didn't trust people and If he started to let himself get close to people he pulled away and left people and himself to wonder why. Treadwell on the other hand kept many friends and visited people when he wasn't paving with the bears; he still wanted to have relationships.They weren't happy with the hand they were dealt, so they changed the game. People say that they were crazy, and deserved to die, but I think the opposite. I respect and admire them, even though their travels TLD necessarily end the way they wanted, they TLD let what people thought stop them, They were proving to people that Just because you're given a few bad cards In the beginning, doesn't mean you're going to lose the game. Chris mishandles and timothy Treadwell By Charlotte feeble-minded to understand?No, we make our own choices; we are in charge of our lives and have the ability to change our lives if we want to. And that's exactly what Chris Mishandles and Timothy Treadwell did. They weren't happy with the life they on a smaller scale they did it to get away from life they didn't want so that they could Memory and Treadwell went to Bradley on a swimming scholarship, only to lose it because of a back injury. A point in their pasts where they differ is in substance bears as is â€Å"13 year sobriety plan†, Mishandles never had any problems like that.Although it may not have seemed like it, they both had purposes for doing what he did. They both may have died, but it was doing what they loved, and at the end of the day isn't that what we all want for ourselves? But it wasn't that easy, Mishandles didn't trust people and if he started to let himself respect and admire them, even though their travels didn't necessarily end the way they wanted, they didn't let what people thought stop them. They were proving to people that Just because you're given a few bad cards in the beginning, doesn't mean

Harm of Nuclear Weapon

It took a lot of blood, sweat and tears to get to where we are today, but we have just begun. Today we begin in earnest the work of making sure that the world we leave our children is just a little bit better than the one we inhabit today as the only nuclear power to have used a nuclear weapon – the United States has a moral responsibility to act. Good morning respected judges teachers and my dear friends I here today to speak on the topic dangers of nuclear weapons We all know that the effect of the nuclear explosion in hiroshima and Nagasaki can be felt even today the survivors tell us that no one should ever undergo what they have been through a nuclear explosion creates a living hell where the living envy the dead. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter; a modern thermonuclear weapon weighing little more than a thousand kilograms can produce an explosion comparable to the detonation of more than a billion kilograms of conventional high explosive. [1] Thus, even single small nuclear devices no larger than traditional bombs can devastate an entire city by blast, fire and radiation. Nuclear weapons are considered weapons of mass destruction, and their use and control has been a major focus of international relations policy since their debut. In the history of warfare, only two nuclear weapons have been detonated offensively, both near the end of World War II. The first was detonated on the morning of 6 August 1945, when the United States dropped a uranium gun-type device code-named â€Å"Little Boy† on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The second was detonated three days later when the United States dropped a plutonium implosion-type device code-named â€Å"Fat Man† on the city of Nagasaki, Japan. These bombings resulted in the immediate deaths of an estimated 80,000 people (mostly civilians) from injuries sustained from the explosion. When factoring in deaths from long-term effects of ionizing radiation and acute radiation sickness, the total death toll is estimated at 120,000. The use of these weapons remains controversial. Since the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings, nuclear weapons have been detonated on over two thousand occasions for testing purposes and demonstration purposes. A few states have possessed such weapons or are suspected of seeking them. The only countries known to have detonated nuclear weapons—and that acknowledge possessing such weapons—are (chronologically) the United States, the Soviet Union (succeeded as a nuclear power by Russia), the United Kingdom, France, the People's Republic of China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea. Israel is also widely believed to possess nuclear weapons, though it does not acknowledge having them. [2]